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Geographically, the country is located in the northern half of the hemisphere at a point that is about halfway between the equator and the north pole, at a longitude of 36 degrees N to 42 degrees N and a latitude of 26 degrees E to 45 degrees EThe lands of Turkey are located at a point where the three continents making up the old world Asia, Africa and Europe are closest to each other, and straddle the point where Europe and Asia meet Turkey is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1,660 kilometers wide
Because of its geographical location the mainland of Anatolia has always found favour throughout history, and is the birthplace of many great civilizations It has also been prominent as a centre of commerce because of its land connections to three continents and the sea surrounding it on three sides
Area
The actual area of Turkey inclusive of its lakes, is 814,578 square kilometres, of which 790,200 are in Asia and 24,378 are located in Europe
Boundaries
The land borders of Turkey are 2,573 kilometres in total, and coastlines (including islands) are another 8,333 kilometres, Turkey has two European and six Asian countries for neighbours along its land borders
Turkey's borders on the European continent consist of a 212-kilometre frontier with Greece and a 269-kilometre border with BulgariaThe land border to the northeast with the commonwealth of Independent States is 610 kilometres long; that with Iran, 454 kilometres long, and that with Iraq 331 kilometres long In the south is the 877 kilometre-long border with Syria, which took its present form in 1939, when the Republic of Hatay joined Turkey
Geographical Regions
The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a narrow but long beltTurkey is generally divided into seven regions: the Black Sea region, the Marmara region, the Aegean, the Mediterranean, Central Anatolia, the East and Southeast Anatolia regions The land of this region is approximately 1/6 of Turkey's total land area
Whilst the region is the smallest of the regions of Turkey after the Southeast Anatolia region, it has the highest population density of all the regionsThe Marmara region covers the area encircling the Sea of Marmara, includes the entire European part of Turkey, as well as the northwest of the Anatolian plain
The most important peak in the region is Uludag (2,543 metres), at the same time it is a major winter sports and tourist centre In the Anatolian part of the region there are fertile plains running from east to west
The Aegean region extends from the Aegean coast to the inner parts of western Anatolia There are significant differences between the coastal areas and those inland, in terms of both geographical features and economic and social aspects
In general, the mountains in the region fall perpendicularly into the sea and the plains run from east to west The plains through which Gediz, Kücük Menderes and Bakircay rivers flow carry the same names as these rivers
In the Mediterranean region, located in the south of Turkey, the western and central Taurus Mountains suddenly rise up behind the coastline The Amanos mountain range is also in the area
The Central Anatolian region is exactly in the middle of Turkey and gives the appearance of being less mountainous compared with the other regions The main peaks of the region are Karadag, Karacadag, Hasandag and Erciyes (3917 metres)
The Eastern Anatolia region is Turkey's largest and highest region About three fourths of it is at an altitude of 1,500-2,000 metres Eastern Anatolia is composed of individual mountains as well as of whole mountain ranges, with vast plateaus and plains The mountains: There are numerous inactive volcanoes in the region, including Nemrut, Suphan, Tendurek and Turkey's highest peak, Mount Agri (Ararat), which is 5,165 metres high
These are the plains of Malazgirt, Mus, Capakcur, Uluova and MalatyaAt the same time, several plains extended along the course of the River Murat, a tributary of the Firat (Euphrates)
The Southeast Anatolia region is notable for the uniformity of its landscape, although the eastern part of the region is comparatively more uneven than its western areas
Coastlines
Turkey is surrounded by sea on three sides, by the Black Sea in the north, the Mediterranean in the south and the Aegean Sea i the west In the northwest there is also an important internal sea, the Sea of Marmara, between the straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, important waterways that connect the Black Sea with the rest of the world
Because the mountains in the Black Sea region run parallel to the coastline, the coasts are fairly smooth, without too many indentations or projections The length of the Black Sea coastline in Turkey is 1,595 kilometres, and the salinity of the sea is 17% The Mediterranean coastline runs for 1,577 kilometres and here too the mountain ranges are parallel to the coastline
The salinity level of the Mediterranean is about double that of the Black Sea
Although the Aegean coastline is a continuation of the Mediterranean coast, it is quite irregular because the mountains in the area fall perpendicularly into the Aegean Sea As a result, the length of the Aegean Sea coast is over 2,800 kilometres The coastline faces out to many islands
The Marmara Sea is located totally within national boundaries and occupies an area of 11,350 square kilometres The coastline of the Marmara Sea is over 1,000 kilometres long; it is connected to the Black Sea by the Bosphorus and with the Mediterranean by the Dardanelles
Rivers
Turkey's longest rivers, the Kizilirmak, Yesilirmak and Sakarya, flow into the Black SeaMost of the rivers of Turkey flow into the seas surrounding the country The Firat (Euphrates) and Dicle (Tigris) join together in Iraq and flow into the Persian Gulf The Susurluk, Biga and Gonen pour into the Sea of Marmara, the Gediz, Kucuk Menderes, Buyuk Menderes and Meric into the Aegean, and the Seyhan, Ceyhan and Goksu into the Mediterranean
Lakes
In terms of numbers of lakes, the Eastern Anatolian region is the richest It contains Turkey's largest, Lake Van (3713 square kilometres), and the lakes of Ercek, Cildir and Hazar There are also many lakes in the Taurus mountains area: the Beysehir and Egirdir lakes, and the lakes that contain bitter waters like the Burdur and Acigoller lakes, for example Around the Sea of Marmara are located the lakes of Sapanca, Iznik, Ulubat, Manyas, Terkos, Kucukcekmece and Buyukcekmece In Central Anatoia is the second largest lake in Turkey: Tuzgolu: The waters of this lake are shallow and very salty The lakes of Aksehir and Eber are also located in this region
As a result of the construction of dams during the past thirty years, several large dam lakes have come into existence Together with the Ataturk Dam lake which started to collect water in January 1990, the following are good examples: Keban, Karakaya, Altinkaya, Adiguzel, Kilickaya, Karacaoren, Menzelet, Kapulukaya, Hirfanli, Sariyar and Demirkopru
The Climate
Although Turkey is situated in a geographical location where climatic conditions are quite temperate, the diverse nature of the landscape , and the existence in particular of the mountains that run parallel to the coasts, results in significant differences in climatic conditions from one region to the other While the coastal areas enjoy milder climates, the inland Anatolian plateau experiences extremes of hot summers and cold winters with limited rainfall
Because of its geographical location the mainland of Anatolia has always found favour throughout history, and is the birthplace of many great civilizations It has also been prominent as a centre of commerce because of its land connections to three continents and the sea surrounding it on three sides
Area
The actual area of Turkey inclusive of its lakes, is 814,578 square kilometres, of which 790,200 are in Asia and 24,378 are located in Europe
Boundaries
The land borders of Turkey are 2,573 kilometres in total, and coastlines (including islands) are another 8,333 kilometres, Turkey has two European and six Asian countries for neighbours along its land borders
Turkey's borders on the European continent consist of a 212-kilometre frontier with Greece and a 269-kilometre border with BulgariaThe land border to the northeast with the commonwealth of Independent States is 610 kilometres long; that with Iran, 454 kilometres long, and that with Iraq 331 kilometres long In the south is the 877 kilometre-long border with Syria, which took its present form in 1939, when the Republic of Hatay joined Turkey
Geographical Regions
The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a narrow but long beltTurkey is generally divided into seven regions: the Black Sea region, the Marmara region, the Aegean, the Mediterranean, Central Anatolia, the East and Southeast Anatolia regions The land of this region is approximately 1/6 of Turkey's total land area
Whilst the region is the smallest of the regions of Turkey after the Southeast Anatolia region, it has the highest population density of all the regionsThe Marmara region covers the area encircling the Sea of Marmara, includes the entire European part of Turkey, as well as the northwest of the Anatolian plain
The Aegean region extends from the Aegean coast to the inner parts of western Anatolia There are significant differences between the coastal areas and those inland, in terms of both geographical features and economic and social aspects
In general, the mountains in the region fall perpendicularly into the sea and the plains run from east to west The plains through which Gediz, Kücük Menderes and Bakircay rivers flow carry the same names as these rivers
In the Mediterranean region, located in the south of Turkey, the western and central Taurus Mountains suddenly rise up behind the coastline The Amanos mountain range is also in the area
The Central Anatolian region is exactly in the middle of Turkey and gives the appearance of being less mountainous compared with the other regions The main peaks of the region are Karadag, Karacadag, Hasandag and Erciyes (3917 metres)
The Eastern Anatolia region is Turkey's largest and highest region About three fourths of it is at an altitude of 1,500-2,000 metres Eastern Anatolia is composed of individual mountains as well as of whole mountain ranges, with vast plateaus and plains The mountains: There are numerous inactive volcanoes in the region, including Nemrut, Suphan, Tendurek and Turkey's highest peak, Mount Agri (Ararat), which is 5,165 metres high
These are the plains of Malazgirt, Mus, Capakcur, Uluova and MalatyaAt the same time, several plains extended along the course of the River Murat, a tributary of the Firat (Euphrates)
The Southeast Anatolia region is notable for the uniformity of its landscape, although the eastern part of the region is comparatively more uneven than its western areas
Coastlines
Turkey is surrounded by sea on three sides, by the Black Sea in the north, the Mediterranean in the south and the Aegean Sea i the west In the northwest there is also an important internal sea, the Sea of Marmara, between the straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, important waterways that connect the Black Sea with the rest of the world
Because the mountains in the Black Sea region run parallel to the coastline, the coasts are fairly smooth, without too many indentations or projections The length of the Black Sea coastline in Turkey is 1,595 kilometres, and the salinity of the sea is 17% The Mediterranean coastline runs for 1,577 kilometres and here too the mountain ranges are parallel to the coastline
Although the Aegean coastline is a continuation of the Mediterranean coast, it is quite irregular because the mountains in the area fall perpendicularly into the Aegean Sea As a result, the length of the Aegean Sea coast is over 2,800 kilometres The coastline faces out to many islands
The Marmara Sea is located totally within national boundaries and occupies an area of 11,350 square kilometres The coastline of the Marmara Sea is over 1,000 kilometres long; it is connected to the Black Sea by the Bosphorus and with the Mediterranean by the Dardanelles
Rivers
Turkey's longest rivers, the Kizilirmak, Yesilirmak and Sakarya, flow into the Black SeaMost of the rivers of Turkey flow into the seas surrounding the country The Firat (Euphrates) and Dicle (Tigris) join together in Iraq and flow into the Persian Gulf The Susurluk, Biga and Gonen pour into the Sea of Marmara, the Gediz, Kucuk Menderes, Buyuk Menderes and Meric into the Aegean, and the Seyhan, Ceyhan and Goksu into the Mediterranean
Lakes
As a result of the construction of dams during the past thirty years, several large dam lakes have come into existence Together with the Ataturk Dam lake which started to collect water in January 1990, the following are good examples: Keban, Karakaya, Altinkaya, Adiguzel, Kilickaya, Karacaoren, Menzelet, Kapulukaya, Hirfanli, Sariyar and Demirkopru
The Climate
Although Turkey is situated in a geographical location where climatic conditions are quite temperate, the diverse nature of the landscape , and the existence in particular of the mountains that run parallel to the coasts, results in significant differences in climatic conditions from one region to the other While the coastal areas enjoy milder climates, the inland Anatolian plateau experiences extremes of hot summers and cold winters with limited rainfall